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Semnopithecus

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Semnopithecus

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Gray langur in Mangaon, Maharashtra

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a>

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<td>Infraorder:

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<td><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecidae</a>

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<td>Subfamily:

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<td><a href="Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a>

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<td>Tribe:

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<td><a href="Presbytini" title="Presbytini">Presbytini</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td> <a href="Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmarest" title="Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest">Desmarest</a>, 1822

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="Semnopithecus_entellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Semnopithecus entellus">Simia entellus</a> <a href="#cite_note-msw3-1">[1]</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Louis_Dufresne" title="Louis Dufresne">Dufresne</a>, 1797</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species

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<a href="Nepal_gray_langur" title="Nepal gray langur">S. schistaceus</a>

<a href="Tarai_gray_langur" title="Tarai gray langur">S. hector</a>

<a href="Northern_plains_gray_langur" title="Northern plains gray langur">S. entellus</a>

<a href="Black-footed_gray_langur" title="Black-footed gray langur">S. hypoleucos</a>

<a href="Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">S. johnii</a>

<a href="Tufted_gray_langur" title="Tufted gray langur">S. priam</a>

<a href="Purple-faced_langur" title="Purple-faced langur">S. vetulus</a>

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Semnopithecus is a genus of <a href="Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkeys</a> native to the <a href="Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, with all species with the exception of two being commonly known as gray langurs.<a href="#cite_note-msw3-1">[1]</a> Traditionally only the species Semnopithecus entellus was recognized, but since about 2001 additional species have been recognized. The taxonomy has been in flux, but currently eight species are recognized.

Members of the genus Semnopithecus are <a href="Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a>, inhabiting forest, open lightly wooded habitats, and urban areas on the Indian subcontinent. Most species are found at low to moderate altitudes, but the <a href="Nepal_gray_langur" title="Nepal gray langur">Nepal gray langur</a> and <a href="Kashmir_gray_langur" title="Kashmir gray langur">Kashmir gray langur</a> occur up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the <a href="Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCNNepalgraylangur-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCNKashmirgraylangur-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

These langurs are largely gray (some more yellowish), with a black face and ears. Externally, the various species mainly differ in the darkness of the hands and feet, the overall color and the presence or absence of a crest.<a href="#cite_note-Groves2001-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brandon-Jones-5">[5]</a> Typically all north Indian gray langurs have their tail tips looping towards their head during a casual walk whereas all south Indian and Sri Lankan gray langurs have an inverted "U" shape or a "S" tail carriage pattern.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> There are also significant variations in the size depending on the sex, with the male always larger than the female. The head-and-body length is from 51 to 79 cm (20 to 31 in). Their tails, at 69 to 102 cm (27 to 40 in) are always longer than their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-Burnie-7">[7]</a> Langurs from the southern part of their range are smaller than those from the north. At 26.5 kg (58 lb), the heaviest langur ever recorded was a male <a href="Nepal_gray_langur" title="Nepal gray langur">Nepal gray langur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon-Jones-5">[5]</a> The larger gray langurs are rivals for the largest species of monkey found in Asia. The average weight of gray langurs is 18 kg (40 lb) in the males and 11 kg (24 lb) in the females.<a href="#cite_note-Burnie-7">[7]</a>

Langurs mostly walk quadrupedally and spend half of their time on the ground and the other half in trees. They will also make bipedal hops, climbing and descending supports with the body upright, and leaps. Langurs can leap 3.6–4.7 m (12–15 ft) horizontally and 10.7–12.2 m (35–40 ft) in descending.<a href="#cite_note-Ripley_1967-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

Traditionally, only Semnopithecus entellus was recognized as a species, the remainder all being treated as <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>. In 2001, it was proposed that seven species should be recognized.<a href="#cite_note-Groves2001-4">[4]</a> This was followed in <a href="Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a> in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-msw3-1">[1]</a> though several of the seven species <a href="Intergrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergrade">intergrade</a>, and alternative treatments exist where only two species (a northern and a southern) are recognized.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon-Jones-5">[5]</a> <a href="Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">Phylogenetic</a> evidence supports at least three species: a north Indian, a south Indian and a Sri Lankan one.<a href="#cite_note-Phylogenetic-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-molecular-10">[10]</a>

It has been suggested that the <a href="Tufted_gray_langur" title="Tufted gray langur">Semnopithecus priam</a> thersites is worthy of treatment as a species rather than a subspecies, but at present this is based on limited evidence.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> During a study based on external <a href="Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> and <a href="Ecological_niche_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological niche modelling">ecological niche modelling</a> in <a href="Peninsular_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsular India">Peninsular India</a> six main types were found, but continued to label all as subspecies. Coat color is highly variable, possible due to <a href="Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">phenotypic plasticity</a> and therefore of questionable value in species delimitation.<a href="#cite_note-Nag-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

It has been suggested that <a href="Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a> should be considered only a subgenus of Semnopithecus.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon-Jones-5">[5]</a> If maintaining the two as separate <a href="Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> genera, the <a href="Purple-faced_langur" title="Purple-faced langur">purple-faced langur</a> and <a href="Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a> belong in Semnopithecus instead of their former genus Trachypithecus. At present it is unclear where the T. pileatus species group (consisting of the <a href="Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">capped langur</a>, <a href="Shortridge's_langur" title="Shortridge's langur">Shortridge's langur</a> and <a href="Gee's_golden_langur" title="Gee's golden langur">Gee's golden langur</a>) belongs, as available <a href="MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> data place it in Semnopithecus, while <a href="Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> data place it in Trachypithecus.<a href="#cite_note-Phylogenetic-9">[9]</a> A possible explanation for this is that the T. pileatus species group is the result of fairly recent <a href="Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> between Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus.<a href="#cite_note-molecular-10">[10]</a>

As of 2005, the authors of <a href="Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a> recognized the following seven Semnopithecus species<a href="#cite_note-msw3-1">[1]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nepal_gray_langur" title="Nepal gray langur">Nepal gray langur</a> Semnopithecus schistaceus</li>

<li><a href="Kashmir_gray_langur" title="Kashmir gray langur">Kashmir gray langur</a> Semnopithecus ajax</li>

<li><a href="Tarai_gray_langur" title="Tarai gray langur">Tarai gray langur</a> Semnopithecus hector</li>

<li><a href="Northern_plains_gray_langur" title="Northern plains gray langur">Northern plains gray langur</a> Semnopithecus entellus</li>

<li><a href="Black-footed_gray_langur" title="Black-footed gray langur">Black-footed gray langur</a> Semnopithecus hypoleucos</li>

<li><a href="Southern_plains_gray_langur" title="Southern plains gray langur">Southern plains gray langur</a> Semnopithecus dussumieri</li>

<li><a href="Tufted_gray_langur" title="Tufted gray langur">Tufted gray langur</a> Semnopithecus priam</li></ul>

Results of analysis of mitochondrial <a href="Cytochrome_b" title="Cytochrome b">cytochrome b</a> gene and two <a href="Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear DNA</a>-encoded genes of several colobine species revealed that Nilgiri and purple-faced langurs cluster with gray langur, while Trachypithecus species form a distinct clade.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Since then, two other species have been moved from Trachypithecus to Semnopithecus:<a href="#cite_note-handbook-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-asian-16">[16]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Purple-faced_langur" title="Purple-faced langur">Purple-faced langur</a> Semnopithecus vetulus</li>

<li><a href="Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a> Semnopithecus johnii</li></ul>

In addition, Semnopithecus dussumieri has been determined to be invalid.<a href="#cite_note-Nag-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-asian-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-mdd-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-itis-18">[18]</a> Most of the range that had been considered S. dussumieri is now considered S. entellus.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-asian-16">[16]</a>

Thus the current generally accepted species within the genus Semnopithecus are:<a href="#cite_note-asian-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-mdd-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-itis-18">[18]</a>

<caption style="background-color: #BBBBFF">Genus Semnopithecus – <a href="Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmarest" title="Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest">Desmarest</a>, 1822 – eight species

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<th scope="col" style="width:15%; min-width:180px;">Common name

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width:25%;">Scientific name and subspecies

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<th scope="col" style="width:15%; min-width:180px;">Range

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width:29%;">Size and ecology

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<th scope="col" style="width:16%; min-width:112px;">IUCN status and estimated population

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<th scope="row"><a href="Black-footed_gray_langur" title="Black-footed gray langur">Black-footed gray langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. hypoleucos <a href="Edward_Blyth" title="Edward Blyth">Blyth</a>, 1841

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Three subspecies</div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> S. h. achates

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> S. h. hypoleucos

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> S. h. iulus

</li></ul>

</div></div>

</td>

<td>Southern India

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest and shrubland<a href="#cite_note-IUCNBlack-footedgraylangur-20">[20]</a> Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a>

</td>

Unknown <a href="#cite_note-IUCNBlack-footedgraylangur-20">[20]</a>

</td></tr>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Kashmir_gray_langur" title="Kashmir gray langur">Kashmir gray langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. ajax (<a href="Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1928)

</td>

<td><a href="Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest<a href="#cite_note-IUCNKashmirgraylangur-3">[3]</a> Diet: Leaves, bark, and seeds<a href="#cite_note-IUCNKashmirgraylangur-3">[3]</a>

</td>

1,400–1,500 <a href="#cite_note-IUCNKashmirgraylangur-3">[3]</a>

</td></tr>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Nepal_gray_langur" title="Nepal gray langur">Nepal gray langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. schistaceus <a href="Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Hodgson</a>, 1840

</td>

<td>Himalayas

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas<a href="#cite_note-IUCNNepalgraylangur-2">[2]</a> Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as seeds, roots, flowers, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrate animals<a href="#cite_note-IUCNNepalgraylangur-2">[2]</a>

</td>

Unknown <a href="#cite_note-IUCNNepalgraylangur-2">[2]</a>

</td></tr>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. johnii (<a href="Johann_Baptist_Fischer" title="Johann Baptist Fischer">J. Fischer</a>, 1829)

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest<a href="#cite_note-IUCNNilgirilangur-21">[21]</a> Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a>

</td>

9,500–10,000 <a href="#cite_note-IUCNNilgirilangur-21">[21]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Northern_plains_gray_langur" title="Northern plains gray langur">Northern plains gray langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. entellus (<a href="Louis_Dufresne" title="Louis Dufresne">Dufresne</a>, 1797)

</td>

<td>India

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland<a href="#cite_note-IUCNNorthernplainsgraylangur-22">[22]</a> Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers, as well as insects, bark, gum, and soil<a href="#cite_note-ADWNorthernplainsgraylangur-23">[23]</a>

</td>

Unknown <a href="#cite_note-IUCNNorthernplainsgraylangur-22">[22]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Tarai_gray_langur" title="Tarai gray langur">Tarai gray langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. hector (<a href="Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Pocock</a>, 1928)

</td>

<td>Himalayas

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest<a href="#cite_note-IUCNTaraigraylangur-24">[24]</a> Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a>

</td>

Unknown <a href="#cite_note-IUCNTaraigraylangur-24">[24]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Tufted_gray_langur" title="Tufted gray langur">Tufted gray langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. priam <a href="Edward_Blyth" title="Edward Blyth">Blyth</a>, 1844

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Three subspecies</div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> S. p. anchises

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> S. p. priam

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> S. p. thersites

</li></ul>

</div></div>

</td>

<td>Southern India and Sri Lanka

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest and shrubland<a href="#cite_note-IUCNTuftedgraylangur-25">[25]</a> Diet: Leaves and fruit<a href="#cite_note-IUCNTuftedgraylangur-25">[25]</a>

</td>

Unknown <a href="#cite_note-IUCNTuftedgraylangur-25">[25]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Purple-faced_langur" title="Purple-faced langur">Purple-faced langur</a>

</th>

<td>S. vetulus (<a href="Johann_Christian_Polycarp_Erxleben" title="Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben">Erxleben</a>, 1777)

<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Four subspecies</div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> T. v. monticola (Montane purple-faced langur)

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> T. v. nestor (<a href="Western_purple-faced_langur" title="Western purple-faced langur">Western purple-faced langur</a>)

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> T. v. philbricki (Dryzone purple-faced langur)

</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> T. v. vetulus (Southern lowland wetzone purple-faced langur)

</li></ul>

</div></div>

</td>

<td>Sri Lanka

</td>

<td style="text-align:left;">Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail<a href="#cite_note-PrimWorld160-19">[19]</a> Habitat: Forest<a href="#cite_note-IUCNPurple-facedlangur-26">[26]</a> Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds<a href="#cite_note-IUCNPurple-facedlangur-26">[26]</a>

</td>

Unknown <a href="#cite_note-IUCNPurple-facedlangur-26">[26]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

A 2013 genetic study indicated that while S. entellus, S. hypoleucos, S. priam and S. johnii are all valid taxa, there has been <a href="Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> between S. priam and S. johnii.<a href="#cite_note-genet-27">[27]</a>

It also indicated that there has been some hybridization between S. entellus and S. hypoleucos where their ranges overlap, and a small amount of hybridization between S. hypoleucos and S. priam.<a href="#cite_note-genet-27">[27]</a> It also suggested that S. priam and S. johnii diverged from each other fairly recently.<a href="#cite_note-genet-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div>

The entire distribution of all gray langur species stretches from the <a href="Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in the north to Sri Lanka in the south, and from <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in the east to Pakistan in the west.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> They possibly occur in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon-Jones-5">[5]</a> The bulk of the gray langur distribution is within India, and all seven currently recognized species have at least a part of their range in this country.<a href="#cite_note-Groves2001-4">[4]</a>

Gray langurs can adapt to a variety of habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer_1977-29">[29]</a> They inhabit <a href="Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> habitats like deserts, tropical habitats like tropical rainforests and temperate habitats like coniferous forests, deciduous habitats and mountains habitats. They are found at sea level to altitudes up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-IUCNNepalgraylangur-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCNKashmirgraylangur-3">[3]</a> They can adapt well to human settlements, and are found in villages, towns and areas with housing or agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_1994-30">[30]</a> They live in densely populated cities like <a href="Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, which has a population numbering up to a million.<a href="#cite_note-r2-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behavior">Ecology and behavior</h2></div>

Gray langurs are <a href="Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>. They sleep during the night in trees but also on man-made structures like towers and electric poles when in human settlements.<a href="#cite_note-r3-32">[32]</a> When resting in trees, they generally prefer the highest branches.<a href="#cite_note-r4-33">[33]</a>

<a href="Ungulate" title="Ungulate">Ungulates</a> like <a href="Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovine</a> and <a href="Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> will eat food dropped by foraging langurs.<a href="#cite_note-r5-34">[34]</a> Langurs are preyed upon by <a href="Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="Dhole" title="Dhole">dholes</a> and <a href="Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">tigers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Wolves</a>, <a href="Jackal" title="Jackal">jackals</a>, <a href="Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bears</a> and <a href="Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">pythons</a> may also prey on langurs.

Gray langurs are primarily <a href="Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>. However, unlike some other colobines they do not depend on leaves and leaf buds of herbs, but will also eat <a href="Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> needles and cones, fruits and fruit buds, evergreen <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>, shoots and roots, seeds, grass, <a href="Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="Fern" title="Fern">fern</a> rhizomes, <a href="Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, and <a href="Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. Leaves of trees and shrubs rank at the top of preferred food, followed by herbs and grasses. Non-plant material consumed include spider webs, termite mounds and insect larvae.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> They forage on agricultural crops and other human foods, and even accept handouts.<a href="#cite_note-Vogel_1977-37">[37]</a> Although they occasionally drink, langurs get most of their water from the moisture in their food.<a href="#cite_note-r6-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3></div>

Gray langurs exist in three types of groups:

<ul><li>one-male groups, comprising one adult male, several females and offspring;</li>

<li>multiple-male groups, comprising males and females of all ages;</li>

<li>all-male groups.<a href="#cite_note-Rajpurohit_1992-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton_1994-40">[40]</a></li></ul>

All-male groups tend to be the smallest of the groups and can consist of adults, subadults, and juveniles. Some populations have only multiple-male groups as mixed sex groups, while others have only one-male groups as mixed sexed groups.<a href="#cite_note-Rajpurohit_1992-39">[39]</a>

Some evidence suggests multiple-male groups are temporary and exist only after a takeover, and subsequently split into one-male and all-male groups.<a href="#cite_note-r7-41">[41]</a>

Social hierarchies exist for all group types.<a href="#cite_note-Srivastava_1992-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajpurohit_2005-43">[43]</a> In all-male groups, dominance is attained through aggression and mating success.<a href="#cite_note-Rajpurohit_2008-44">[44]</a> With sexually mature females, rank is based on physical condition and age.<a href="#cite_note-Koenig_2000-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borries_1991-46">[46]</a> The younger the female, the higher the rank. Dominance rituals are most common among high-ranking langurs.<a href="#cite_note-Rajpurohit_2005-43">[43]</a> Most changes in social rank in males take place during changes in group members. An adult male may remain in a one-male group for 45 months.<a href="#cite_note-Newton_1987-47">[47]</a> The rate of male replacement can occur quickly or slowly depending on the group.<a href="#cite_note-r8-48">[48]</a>

Females within a group are matrilineally related. Female memberships are also stable, but less so in larger groups.<a href="#cite_note-Newton_1994-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koenig_2000-45">[45]</a> Relationships between the females tend to be friendly. They will do various activities with each together, such as foraging, traveling and resting. They will also groom each other regardless of their rank. However, higher-ranking females give out and receive grooming the most.<a href="#cite_note-r9-49">[49]</a> In addition, females groom males more often than the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-r10-50">[50]</a> Male and female relationships are usually positive. Relationships between males can range from peaceful to violent. While females remain in their natal groups, males will leave when they reach adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Newton_1994-40">[40]</a> Relationships between groups tend to be hostile. High-ranking males from different groups will display, vocalize, and fight among themselves.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_parenting">Reproduction and parenting</h3></div>

In one-male groups, the resident male is usually the sole breeder of the females and sires all the young. In multiple-male groups, the highest-ranking male fathers most of the offspring, followed by the next-ranking males and even outside males will father young.<a href="#cite_note-r11-51">[51]</a> Higher-ranking females are more reproductively successful than lower-ranking ones.<a href="#cite_note-Borries_1991-46">[46]</a>

Female gray langurs do not make it obvious that they are in <a href="Estrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrous">estrous</a>. However, males are still somehow able to deduce the reproduction state of females.<a href="#cite_note-r12-52">[52]</a> Females signal that they are ready to mate by shuddering the head, lowering the tail, and presenting their anogenital regions.<a href="#cite_note-Sommer_1992-53">[53]</a> Such solicitations do not always lead to copulation. When langurs mate, they are sometimes disrupted by other group members.<a href="#cite_note-Newton_1987-47">[47]</a> Female langurs have been recorded mounting other females.<a href="#cite_note-b1-54">[54]</a>

The <a href="Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> period of gray langur lasts around 200 days, at least at Jodhpur, India. In some areas, reproduction is year-around.<a href="#cite_note-Sommer_1992-53">[53]</a> Year-round reproduction appears to occur in populations that capitalize on human-made foods. Other populations have seasonal reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-Newton_1987-47">[47]</a>

<a href="Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">Infanticide</a> is common among gray langurs. Most infanticidal langurs are males that have recently immigrated to a group and driven out the prior male. These males only kill infants that are not their own.<a href="#cite_note-b2-55">[55]</a> Infanticide is more commonly reported in one-male groups, perhaps because one male monopolizing matings drives the evolution of this trait. In multiple-male groups, the costs for infanticidal males are likely to be high as the other males may protect the infants and they can't ensure that they'll sire young with other males around. Nevertheless, infanticide does occur in these groups, and is suggested that such practices serve to return a female to estrous and gain the opportunity to mate.<a href="#cite_note-Borries_1997-56">[56]</a>

Females usually give birth to a single infant, although twins do occur. Most births occur during the night.<a href="#cite_note-Agoramoorthy_1992-57">[57]</a> Infants are born with thin, dark brown or black hair and pale skin. Infants spend their first week attached to their mothers' chests and mostly just suckle or sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Sugiyama_1965-58">[58]</a> They do not move much in terms of locomotion for the first two weeks of their life. As they approach their sixth week of life, infants vocalize more.<a href="#cite_note-r13-59">[59]</a> They use squeaks and shrieks to communicate stress. In the following months, the infants are capable of quadrupedal locomotion and can walk, run and jump by the second and third months. <a href="Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a> occurs among langurs, starting when the infants reach two years of age. The infant will be given to the other females of the group. However, if the mother dies, the infant usually follows.<a href="#cite_note-Sugiyama_1965-58">[58]</a> Langurs are weaned by 13 months.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocalizations">Vocalizations</h3></div>

Gray langurs are recorded to make a number of vocalizations:<a href="#cite_note-Bhaker_2004-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hohmann_1989-61">[61]</a>

<ul><li>loud calls or whoops made only by adult males during displays;</li>

<li>harsh barks made by adult and subadult males when surprised by a predator;</li>

<li>cough barks made by adults and subadults during group movements;</li>

<li>grunt barks made mostly by adult males during group movements and agonistic interactions;</li>

<li>rumble screams made in agonistic interactions;</li>

<li>pant barks made with loud calls when groups are interacting;</li>

<li>grunts made in many different situations, usually in agonistic ones;</li>

<li>honks made by adult males when groups are interacting;</li>

<li>rumbles made during approaches, embraces, and mounts;</li>

<li>hiccups made by most members of a group when they find another group.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2></div>

Gray langurs have stable populations in some areas and declining ones in others.<a href="#cite_note-r14-62">[62]</a> Both the <a href="Black-footed_gray_langur" title="Black-footed gray langur">black-footed gray langur</a> and <a href="Kashmir_gray_langur" title="Kashmir gray langur">Kashmir gray langur</a> are considered <a href="Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUCNKashmirgraylangur-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCNBlack-footedgraylangur-20">[20]</a> The latter is the rarest species of gray langur, with less than 250 mature individuals remaining.<a href="#cite_note-IUCNKashmirgraylangur-3">[3]</a>

In India, gray langurs number at around 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-r15-63">[63]</a> India has laws prohibiting the capturing or killing of langurs, but they are still hunted in some parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Nag-12">[12]</a> Enforcement of these laws has proven to be difficult and it seems most people are unaware of their protection.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhury_2001-64">[64]</a> Populations are also threatened by mining, forest fires and deforestation for wood.<a href="#cite_note-r16-65">[65]</a>

Langurs can be found near roads and can become victims of automobile accidents. This happens even in protected areas, with deaths by automobile collisions making nearly a quarter of mortality in Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, India.<a href="#cite_note-r17-66">[66]</a> Langurs are considered sacred in the Hindu religion and are sometimes kept for religious purposes by Hindu priests and for roadside performances. However, some religious groups use langurs as food and medicine, and parts of gray langurs are sometimes kept as amulets for good luck.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2001-67">[67]</a>

Because of their sacred status and their less aggressive behavior compared to other primates, langurs are generally not considered pests in many parts of India. Despite this, research in some areas show high levels of support for the removal of langurs from villages, their sacred status no longer important.<a href="#cite_note-r18-68">[68]</a> Langurs will raid crops and steal food from houses, and this causes people to persecute them.<a href="#cite_note-r18-68">[68]</a> While people may feed them in temples, they do not extend such care to monkeys at their homes.<a href="#cite_note-b3-69">[69]</a> Langurs stealing and biting people to get food in urban areas may also contribute to more persecutions.<a href="#cite_note-r19-70">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREF_PrimWorld" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Primates of the World. <a href="Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8018-6251-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Semnopithecus" class="extiw external" title="commons:Semnopithecus">Semnopithecus</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Semnopithecus" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Semnopithecus">category</a>)</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Semnopithecus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Semnopithecus">gray langur</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKurt_Gron2008" class="citation web cs1">Kurt Gron (28 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/gray_langur/taxon">"Gray langur Semnopithecus"</a>. Primate Info Net. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShah_Jahan" class="citation web cs1">Shah Jahan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/82790773">"Save Earth Series – Hanuman Langur"</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Extant_species_of_family_Cercopithecidae_(Old_World_monkeys)_(subfamily_Colobinae)356" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant species of family <a href="Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)</a> (subfamily <a href="Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>

<li>Order: <a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li>

<li>Suborder: <a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Colobus</a> (Black and white colobi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_colobus" title="Black colobus">Black colobus (C. satanas)</a></li>

<li><a href="Angola_colobus" title="Angola colobus">Angola colobus (C. angolensis)</a></li>

<li><a href="King_colobus" title="King colobus">King colobus (C. polykomos)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ursine_colobus" title="Ursine colobus">Ursine colobus (C. vellerosus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantled_guereza" title="Mantled guereza">Mantled guereza (C. guereza)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">Piliocolobus</a> (Red colobi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Western_red_colobus" title="Western red colobus">Western red colobus (P. badius)</a></li>

<li><a href="Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus" title="Miss Waldron's red colobus">Miss Waldron's red colobus (P. waldronae)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennant's_colobus" title="Pennant's colobus">Pennant's colobus (P. pennantii)</a></li>

<li><a href="Preuss's_red_colobus" title="Preuss's red colobus">Preuss's red colobus (P. preussi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thollon's_red_colobus" title="Thollon's red colobus">Thollon's red colobus (P. tholloni)</a></li>

<li><a href="Foa's_red_colobus" title="Foa's red colobus">Foa's red colobus (P. foai)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugandan_red_colobus" title="Ugandan red colobus">Ugandan red colobus (P. tephrosceles)</a></li>

<li><a href="Udzungwa_red_colobus" title="Udzungwa red colobus">Udzungwa red colobus (P. gordonorum)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanzibar_red_colobus" title="Zanzibar red colobus">Zanzibar red colobus (P. kirkii)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tana_River_red_colobus" title="Tana River red colobus">Tana River red colobus (P. rufomitratus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Niger_Delta_red_colobus" title="Niger Delta red colobus">Niger Delta red colobus (P. epieni)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bouvier's_red_colobus" title="Bouvier's red colobus">Bouvier's red colobus (P. bouvieri)</a></li>

<li><a href="Semliki_red_colobus" title="Semliki red colobus">Semliki red colobus (P. semlikiensis)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lang's_red_colobus" title="Lang's red colobus">Lang's red colobus (P. langi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Oustalet's_red_colobus" title="Oustalet's red colobus">Oustalet's red colobus (P. oustaleti)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomami_red_colobus" title="Lomami red colobus">Lomami red colobus (P. parmentieri)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulindi_River_red_colobus" title="Ulindi River red colobus">Ulindi River red colobus (P. lulindicus)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Procolobus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Olive colobus (P. verus)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Langur group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"> (Gray langurs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nepal_gray_langur" title="Nepal gray langur">Nepal gray langur (S. schistaceus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashmir_gray_langur" title="Kashmir gray langur">Kashmir gray langur (S. ajax)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarai_gray_langur" title="Tarai gray langur">Tarai gray langur (S. hector)</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_plains_gray_langur" title="Northern plains gray langur">Northern plains gray langur (S. entellus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-footed_gray_langur" title="Black-footed gray langur">Black-footed gray langur (S. hypoleucos)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tufted_gray_langur" title="Tufted gray langur">Tufted gray langur (S. priam)</a></li>

<li><a href="Purple-faced_langur" title="Purple-faced langur">Purple-faced langur (S. vetulus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur (S. johnii)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>T. cristatus group: <a href="East_Javan_langur" title="East Javan langur">East Javan langur (T. auratus)</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Javan_langur" title="West Javan langur">West Javan langur (T. mauritius)</a></li>

<li><a href="Silvery_lutung" title="Silvery lutung">Silvery lutung (T. cristatus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Germain's_langur" title="Germain's langur">Germain's langur (T. germaini)</a></li>

<li><a href="Annamese_langur" title="Annamese langur">Annamese langur (T. margarita)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenasserim_lutung" title="Tenasserim lutung">Tenasserim lutung (T. barbei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Selangor_silvered_langur" title="Selangor silvered langur">Selangor silvered langur (T. selangorensis)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>T. obscurus group: <a href="Dusky_leaf_monkey" title="Dusky leaf monkey">Dusky leaf monkey (T. obscurus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indochinese_grey_langur" title="Indochinese grey langur">Indochinese grey langur (T. crepusculus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Phayre's_leaf_monkey" title="Phayre's leaf monkey">Phayre's leaf monkey (T. phayrei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Popa_langur" title="Popa langur">Popa langur (T. popa)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>T. pileatus group: <a href="Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">Capped langur (T. pileatus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shortridge's_langur" title="Shortridge's langur">Shortridge's langur (T. shortridgei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gee's_golden_langur" title="Gee's golden langur">Gee's golden langur (T. geei)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>T. francoisi group: <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois'_langur" title="François' langur">François' langur (T. francoisi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatinh_langur" title="Hatinh langur">Hatinh langur (T. hatinhensis)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cat_Ba_langur" title="Cat Ba langur">Cat Ba langur (T. poliocephalus)</a></li>

<li><a href="White-headed_langur" title="White-headed langur">White-headed langur (T. leucocephalus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Laotian_langur" title="Laotian langur">Laotian langur (T. laotum)</a></li>

<li><a href="Delacour's_langur" title="Delacour's langur">Delacour's langur (T. delacouri)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indochinese_black_langur" title="Indochinese black langur">Indochinese black langur (T. ebenus)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Presbytis" title="Presbytis">Presbytis</a> (Surilis)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black-crested_Sumatran_langur" title="Black-crested Sumatran langur">Black-crested Sumatran langur (P. melalophos)</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-and-white_langur" title="Black-and-white langur">Black-and-white langur (P. bicolor)</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Sumatran_langur" title="Black Sumatran langur">Black Sumatran langur (P. sumatrana)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitered_langur" title="Mitered langur">Mitered langur (P. mitrata)</a></li>

<li><a href="Raffles'_banded_langur" title="Raffles' banded langur">Raffles' banded langur (P. femoralis)</a></li>

<li><a href="Robinson's_banded_langur" title="Robinson's banded langur">Robinson's banded langur (P. robinsoni)</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Sumatran_banded_langur" title="East Sumatran banded langur">East Sumatran banded langur (P. percura)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarawak_surili" title="Sarawak surili">Sarawak surili (P. chrysomelas)</a></li>

<li><a href="White-thighed_surili" title="White-thighed surili">White-thighed surili (P. siamensis)</a></li>

<li><a href="White-fronted_surili" title="White-fronted surili">White-fronted surili (P. frontata)</a></li>

<li><a href="Javan_surili" title="Javan surili">Javan surili (P. comata)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas's_langur" title="Thomas's langur">Thomas's langur (P. thomasi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hose's_langur" title="Hose's langur">Hose's langur (P. hosei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Miller's_langur" title="Miller's langur">Miller's langur (P. canicrus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabah_grizzled_langur" title="Sabah grizzled langur">Sabah grizzled langur (P. sabana)</a></li>

<li><a href="Maroon_leaf_monkey" title="Maroon leaf monkey">Maroon leaf monkey (P. rubicunda)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mentawai_langur" title="Mentawai langur">Mentawai langur (P. potenziani)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberut_langur" title="Siberut langur">Siberut langur (P. siberu)</a></li>

<li><a href="Natuna_Island_surili" title="Natuna Island surili">Natuna Island surili (P. natunae)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odd-nosed group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Douc" title="Douc">Pygathrix</a> (Doucs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Red-shanked_douc" title="Red-shanked douc">Red-shanked douc (P. nemaeus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-shanked_douc" title="Black-shanked douc">Black-shanked douc (P. nigripes)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gray-shanked_douc" title="Gray-shanked douc">Gray-shanked douc (P. cinerea)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">Rhinopithecus</a> (Snub-nosed monkeys)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Golden_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Golden snub-nosed monkey">Golden snub-nosed monkey (R. roxellana)</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-and-white_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey">Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (R. bieti)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gray_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Gray snub-nosed monkey">Gray snub-nosed monkey (R. brelichi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonkin_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Tonkin snub-nosed monkey">Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (R. avunculus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Myanmar_snub-nosed_monkey" title="Myanmar snub-nosed monkey">Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (R. strykeri)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Nasalis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Proboscis monkey (N. larvatus)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><a href="Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Simias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Pig-tailed langur (S. concolor)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haplorhini181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>

<li>Order: <a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†&quot;Omomyidae&quot;257" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altanius" title="Altanius">Altanius</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Bownomomys" title="Bownomomys">Bownomomys</a></li>

<li>Kohatius</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microchoerinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Indusomys</li>

<li>Melaneremia</li>

<li>Microchoerus</li>

<li>Nannopithex</li>

<li><a href="Necrolemur" title="Necrolemur">Necrolemur</a></li>

<li>Paraloris</li>

<li>Pseudoloris</li>

<li>Quercyloris</li>

<li>Vectipithex</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="Anaptomorphinae" title="Anaptomorphinae">Anaptomorphinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Absarokius</li>

<li>Anaptomorphus</li>

<li>Anemorhysis</li>

<li>Arapahovius</li>

<li>Aycrossia</li>

<li>Chlororhysis</li>

<li>Gazinius</li>

<li>Pseudotetonius</li>

<li>Sphacorhysis</li>

<li>Strigorhysis</li>

<li>Tatmanius</li>

<li><a href="Teilhardina" title="Teilhardina">Teilhardina</a></li>

<li>Tetonius</li>

<li>Tetonoides</li>

<li>Trogolemur</li>

<li>Walshina</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Omomyinae"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ageitodendron</li>

<li>Asiomomys</li>

<li>Brontomomys</li>

<li><a href="Chipetaia" title="Chipetaia">Chipetaia</a></li>

<li>Chumashius</li>

<li>Diablomomys</li>

<li>Dyseolemur</li>

<li>Ekwiiyemakius</li>

<li>Gunnelltarsius</li>

<li>Hemiacodon</li>

<li>Jemezius</li>

<li>Loveina</li>

<li><a href="Macrotarsius" title="Macrotarsius">Macrotarsius</a></li>

<li><a href="Nesomomys" title="Nesomomys">Nesomomys</a></li>

<li>Omomys</li>

<li>Ourayia</li>

<li><a href="Rooneyia" title="Rooneyia">Rooneyia</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoshonius" title="Shoshonius">Shoshonius</a></li>

<li>Steinius</li>

<li>Stockia</li>

<li>Uintanius</li>

<li>Utahia</li>

<li>Washakius</li>

<li>Wyomomys</li>

<li>Yaquius</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tarkadectinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Tarka</li>

<li>Tarkadectes</li>

<li>Tarkops</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsiiformes" title="Tarsiiformes">Tarsiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Archicebus" title="Archicebus">Archicebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsier" title="Tarsier">Tarsiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philippine_tarsier" title="Philippine tarsier">Carlito</a></li>

<li><a href="Horsfield's_tarsier" title="Horsfield's tarsier">Cephalopachus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Hesperotarsius</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Oligotarsius</li>

<li><a href="Tarsius" title="Tarsius">Tarsius</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Xanthorhysis?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Simiiformes181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simiiformes108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Amamria" title="Amamria">Amamria</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Aseanpithecus</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Nosmips" title="Nosmips">Nosmips</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Phileosimias" title="Phileosimias">Phileosimias</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afrasia_djijidae" title="Afrasia djijidae">Afrasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Afrotarsius" title="Afrotarsius">Afrotarsius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Eosimiidae" title="Eosimiidae">Eosimiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Bahinia</li>

<li><a href="Eosimias" title="Eosimias">Eosimias</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenacopithecus" title="Phenacopithecus">Phenacopithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Amphipithecidae" title="Amphipithecidae">Amphipithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amphipithecus" title="Amphipithecus">Amphipithecus</a></li>

<li>Bugtipithecus?</li>

<li><a href="Ganlea" title="Ganlea">Ganlea</a></li>

<li>Krabia</li>

<li>Myanmarpithecus</li>

<li>Pondaungia</li>

<li>Siamopithecus</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Parapithecoidea" title="Parapithecoidea">Parapithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arsinoea" title="Arsinoea">Arsinoea</a></li>

<li><a href="Biretia" title="Biretia">Biretia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proteopithecidae" title="Proteopithecidae">Proteopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Proteopithecus</li>

<li><a href="Serapia_eocaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapia eocaena">Serapia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parapithecidae" title="Parapithecidae">Parapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Abuqatrania</li>

<li><a href="Apidium" title="Apidium">Apidium</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapithecus" title="Parapithecus">Parapithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Qatrania" title="Qatrania">Qatrania</a></li>

<li>Ucayalipithecus</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">Platyrrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Parvimico</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Perupithecus</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Szalatavus</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Canaanimico" title="Canaanimico">Canaanimico</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Branisella" title="Branisella">Branisella</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Lagonimico" title="Lagonimico">Lagonimico</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotidae">Aotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">Aotus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Tremacebus" title="Tremacebus">Tremacebus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pitheciidae" title="Pitheciidae">Pitheciidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Hispaniola_monkey" title="Hispaniola monkey">Antillothrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Uakari" title="Uakari">Cacajao</a></li>

<li><a href="Callicebus" title="Callicebus">Callicebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Carlocebus</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Cebupithecia" title="Cebupithecia">Cebupithecia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheracebus" title="Cheracebus">Cheracebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bearded_saki" title="Bearded saki">Chiropotes</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Homunculus_patagonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homunculus patagonicus">Homunculus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Insulacebus" title="Insulacebus">Insulacebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Mazzonicebus</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Miocallicebus" title="Miocallicebus">Miocallicebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Nuciruptor" title="Nuciruptor">Nuciruptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Saki_monkey" title="Saki monkey">Pithecia</a></li>

<li><a href="Plecturocebus" title="Plecturocebus">Plecturocebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Proteropithecia</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Soriacebus</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Jamaican_monkey" title="Jamaican monkey">Xenothrix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">Alouatta</a></li>

<li><a href="Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></li>

<li><a href="Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Caipora_bambuiorum" title="Caipora bambuiorum">Caipora</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Cartelles" title="Cartelles">Cartelles</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Chilecebus" title="Chilecebus">Chilecebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Mohanamico" title="Mohanamico">Mohanamico</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Oreonax</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Paralouatta" title="Paralouatta">Paralouatta</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Protopithecus" title="Protopithecus">Protopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Solimoea" title="Solimoea">Solimoea</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Stirtonia_(mammal)" title="Stirtonia (mammal)">Stirtonia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Acrecebus" title="Acrecebus">Acrecebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gracile_capuchin_monkey" title="Gracile capuchin monkey">Cebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dolichocebus" title="Dolichocebus">Dolichocebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Killikaike" class="mw-redirect" title="Killikaike">Killikaike</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Panamacebus" title="Panamacebus">Panamacebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Patasola_magdalenae" title="Patasola magdalenae">Patasola</a></li>

<li><a href="Squirrel_monkey" title="Squirrel monkey">Saimiri</a></li>

<li><a href="Robust_capuchin_monkey" title="Robust capuchin monkey">Sapajus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Goeldi's_marmoset" title="Goeldi's marmoset">Callimico</a></li>

<li><a href="Callithrix" title="Callithrix">Callithrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Pygmy_marmoset" title="Pygmy marmoset">Cebuella</a></li>

<li><a href="Saddle-back_tamarin" title="Saddle-back tamarin">Leontocebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lion_tamarin" title="Lion tamarin">Leontopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Micodon" title="Micodon">Micodon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamarin" title="Tamarin">Saguinus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Catarrhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini100" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Oligopithecidae" title="Oligopithecidae">Oligopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catopithecus" title="Catopithecus">Catopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligopithecus" title="Oligopithecus">Oligopithecus</a></li>

<li>Talahpithecus</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Propliopithecoidea" title="Propliopithecoidea">Propliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aegyptopithecus" title="Aegyptopithecus">Aegyptopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Propliopithecus" title="Propliopithecus">Propliopithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Pliopithecoidea" title="Pliopithecoidea">Pliopithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Krishnapithecus</li>

<li>Paidopithex</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pliopithecidae" title="Pliopithecidae">Pliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Epipliopithecus" title="Epipliopithecus">Epipliopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pliopithecus" title="Pliopithecus">Pliopithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dionysopithecidae" title="Dionysopithecidae">Dionysopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Dionysopithecus</li>

<li>Platodontopithecus</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crouzeliinae" title="Crouzeliinae">Crouzeliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anapithecus" title="Anapithecus">Anapithecus</a></li>

<li>Barberapithecus</li>

<li>Crouzelia</li>

<li>Egarapithecus</li>

<li>Fanchangia</li>

<li>Laccopithecus</li>

<li>Plesiopliopithecus</li>

<li><a href="Pliobates" title="Pliobates">Pliobates</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Alophe" title="Alophe">Alophe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Victoriapithecidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Noropithecus" title="Noropithecus">Noropithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Nsungwepithecus" title="Nsungwepithecus">Nsungwepithecus</a>?</li>

<li>Prohylobates?</li>

<li><a href="Victoriapithecus" title="Victoriapithecus">Victoriapithecus</a></li>

<li>Zaltanpithecus</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Cercopithecoides" title="Cercopithecoides">Cercopithecoides</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Colobus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dolichopithecus" title="Dolichopithecus">Dolichopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Kuseracolobus</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Libypithecus" title="Libypithecus">Libypithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Mesopithecus" title="Mesopithecus">Mesopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Microcolobus" title="Microcolobus">Microcolobus</a></li>

<li><a href="Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Nasalis</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Paracolobus" title="Paracolobus">Paracolobus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Parapresbytis" title="Parapresbytis">Parapresbytis</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">Piliocolobus</a></li>

<li><a href="Presbytis" title="Presbytis">Presbytis</a></li>

<li><a href="Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Procolobus</a></li>

<li><a href="Douc" title="Douc">Pygathrix</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Rhinocolobus" title="Rhinocolobus">Rhinocolobus</a></li>

<li><a href="Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">Rhinopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Sawecolobus" title="Sawecolobus">Sawecolobus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Simias</a></li>

<li><a href="Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecinae" title="Cercopithecinae">Cercopithecinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecini" title="Cercopithecini">Cercopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allen's_swamp_monkey" title="Allen's swamp monkey">Allenopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Allochrocebus" title="Allochrocebus">Allochrocebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Guenon" title="Guenon">Cercopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlorocebus" title="Chlorocebus">Chlorocebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythrocebus" title="Erythrocebus">Erythrocebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Talapoin" title="Talapoin">Miopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Nanopithecus</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papionini" title="Papionini">Papionini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="White-eyelid_mangabey" title="White-eyelid mangabey">Cercocebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dinopithecus" title="Dinopithecus">Dinopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Gorgopithecus" title="Gorgopithecus">Gorgopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Crested_mangabey" title="Crested mangabey">Lophocebus</a></li>

<li><a href="Macaque" title="Macaque">Macaca</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrillus" title="Mandrillus">Mandrillus</a></li>

<li><a href="Baboon" title="Baboon">Papio</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Paradolichopithecus" title="Paradolichopithecus">Paradolichopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Parapapio" title="Parapapio">Parapapio</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Pliopapio" title="Pliopapio">Pliopapio</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Procercocebus" title="Procercocebus">Procercocebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Procynocephalus</li>

<li><a href="Kipunji" title="Kipunji">Rungwecebus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Soromandrillus</li>

<li><a href="Theropithecus" title="Theropithecus">Theropithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hominoidea181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea104" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Afropithecus" title="Afropithecus">Afropithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Ekembo" title="Ekembo">Ekembo</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Equatorius" title="Equatorius">Equatorius</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Griphopithecus" title="Griphopithecus">Griphopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Kamoyapithecus" title="Kamoyapithecus">Kamoyapithecus</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Kenyapithecus" title="Kenyapithecus">Kenyapithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Morotopithecus" title="Morotopithecus">Morotopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Nacholapithecus" title="Nacholapithecus">Nacholapithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Otavipithecus" title="Otavipithecus">Otavipithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Proconsul_(mammal)" title="Proconsul (mammal)">Proconsul</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dendropithecidae" title="Dendropithecidae">Dendropithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dendropithecus" title="Dendropithecus">Dendropithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Nyanzapithecus" title="Nyanzapithecus">Nyanzapithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Rangwapithecus" title="Rangwapithecus">Rangwapithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rukwapithecus" title="Rukwapithecus">Rukwapithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Simiolus" title="Simiolus">Simiolus</a></li>

<li>Turkanapithecus</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Hylobatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Bunopithecus" title="Bunopithecus">Bunopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">Hoolock</a></li>

<li><a href="Hylobates" title="Hylobates">Hylobates</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Junzi_imperialis" title="Junzi imperialis">Junzi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomascus" title="Nomascus">Nomascus</a></li>

<li><a href="Siamang" title="Siamang">Symphalangus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Yuanmoupithecus" title="Yuanmoupithecus">Yuanmoupithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Buronius" title="Buronius">Buronius</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Ankarapithecus" title="Ankarapithecus">Ankarapithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Indopithecus" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dryopithecini" title="Dryopithecini">Dryopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anoiapithecus" title="Anoiapithecus">Anoiapithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Danuvius_guggenmosi" title="Danuvius guggenmosi">Danuvius</a></li>

<li><a href="Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hispanopithecus" title="Hispanopithecus">Hispanopithecus</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Pierolapithecus" title="Pierolapithecus">Pierolapithecus</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Rudapithecus" title="Rudapithecus">Rudapithecus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2647" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2647" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Semnopithecus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721407" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q721407">Q721407</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Semnopithecus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Semnopithecus">Semnopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Semnopithecus/">Semnopithecus</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43520">43520</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1034701">1034701</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=72227">72227</a></li>

<li><a href="ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/C6C17280-A213-4D23-9FEE-A6EAFFABE45C">C6C17280-A213-4D23-9FEE-A6EAFFABE45C</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Semnopithecus&oldid=1293566704">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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